Allergy

Allergies – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

An allergy is an overreaction of the immune system to certain substances that are normally harmless. These substances, known as allergens, can include, for example, pollen, animal dander, house dust mites or certain foods. Allergies are widespread and affect millions of people worldwide. In Switzerland, around 20 to 30 per cent of the population suffer from an allergy. Find out here how allergies develop, what symptoms they cause and what treatment options are available.

What is an allergy?

An allergy is a malfunction of the immune system in which the body reacts to harmless substances with a defensive response. The immune system recognises the allergens as a threat and releases excessive amounts of histamine, leading to typical allergy symptoms. The most common allergies include hay fever (pollen allergy), food allergies, animal dander allergies and contact allergies.

Causes and risk factors

The exact causes of an allergy are not yet fully understood. However, it is believed that both genetic and environmental factors play a role. If one parent suffers from an allergy, the risk of being affected too increases. Environmental factors such as air pollution or exposure to allergens during childhood can also increase the risk.

Typical symptoms of an allergy

The symptoms of an allergy can vary depending on the type of allergy and the individual affected. The most common symptoms include:

• Sneezing and a runny nose
• Itchy eyes, nose or skin
• Breathing difficulties and coughing
• Skin rashes or redness
• Swelling, for example of the face or lips
• Digestive problems in the case of food allergies

In some cases, allergies can trigger severe reactions such as anaphylactic shock, which is life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

Common types of allergy

Allergies can take many different forms. Here are some of the most common:

• Pollen allergy: Also known as hay fever, triggered by grass, tree or flower pollen.
• Animal dander allergy: A reaction to proteins in animal hair, saliva or dander.
• House dust mite allergy: Hypersensitivity to the excretions of house dust mites.
• Food allergies: Often caused by nuts, dairy products, eggs, fish or soya.
• Contact allergy: Skin reactions caused by contact with nickel, latex or certain cosmetics.

Diagnosis of allergies

An allergy is usually diagnosed by a doctor or allergist. Various tests are used for this purpose:

• Prick test: Allergens are applied to the skin to test for reactions.
• Blood test: Measurement of antibodies (IgE) in the blood, which indicate an allergy.
• Challenge test: Direct contact with a suspected allergen under medical supervision.

Combining these tests helps to determine the exact nature of the allergy and to develop appropriate treatment strategies.

Treatment options for an allergy

The treatment of an allergy depends on the type and severity of the symptoms. The most common methods include:

• Allergen avoidance: Avoid contact with triggers, such as pollen or certain foods.
• Medication: Antihistamines, corticosteroids or decongestant nasal sprays can relieve symptoms.
• Desensitisation (immunotherapy): A long-term treatment in which the immune system is gradually desensitised to the allergen.

In addition, home remedies such as nasal rinses or the use of air purifiers can help to reduce exposure to allergens.

Allergies in children

Allergies often first appear in childhood. Food allergies and skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis are particularly common in children. Parents should be alert to possible symptoms at an early stage and consult a doctor for a diagnosis. With the right treatment, allergies in children can often be well managed.

Prevention of allergies

Although allergies cannot always be completely avoided, there are some measures you can take to reduce the risk:

• Keep your home clean to minimise dust mites and pet hair.
• Avoid smoking indoors, particularly near children.
• Ensure a balanced diet and support the immune system.
• Reduce your exposure to pollen by keeping windows closed during the pollen season.

When should you see a doctor?

If you suspect you may have an allergy, you should consult a doctor. Prompt medical assessment is particularly important in the event of severe symptoms such as shortness of breath, severe swelling or sudden skin reactions. An early diagnosis can help to prevent serious complications.

Conclusion: Recognising and treating allergies

Allergies can significantly affect your quality of life. However, with the right diagnosis and treatment, they can be effectively managed. Whether it’s a pollen allergy, an allergy to animal hair or food intolerances – it’s important to identify your individual triggers and take appropriate action. Do not hesitate to see a doctor if you suspect you have an allergy. This will enable you to effectively relieve your symptoms and lead a carefree life.